Realm Xamarin enables you to efficiently write your app’s model layer in a safe, persisted, and fast way. Here’s what it looks like:

// Define your models like regular C# classes
public class Dog : RealmObject 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
    public Person Owner { get; set; }
}

public class Person : RealmObject 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public IList<Dog> Dogs { get; } 
}

var realm = Realm.GetInstance();

// Use LINQ to query
var puppies = realm.All<Dog>().Where(d => d.Age < 2);

puppies.Count(); // => 0 because no dogs have been added yet

// Update and persist objects with a thread-safe transaction
realm.Write(() => 
{
    realm.Add(new Dog { Name = "Rex", Age = 1 });
});

// Queries are updated in realtime
puppies.Count(); // => 1

// LINQ query syntax works as well
var oldDogs = from d in realm.All<Dog>() where d.Age > 8 select d;

// Query and update from any thread
new Thread(() =>
{
    var realm2 = Realm.GetInstance();

    var theDog = realm2.All<Dog>().Where(d => d.Age == 1).First();
    realm2.Write(() => theDog.Age = 3);
}).Start();

Getting Started

You install Realm via NuGet, or you can browse the source code on GitHub.

A nightly build is also avilable on MyGet, see details below.

Prerequisites

We support the following environments:

• Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 or higher, or Xamarin Studio version 6.1.1 or higher.
• Xamarin iOS version 10.0.1.10 for iOS 7 or higher, using native UI or Xamarin Forms.
• Xamarin Android version 7.0.1.3 for API level 10 or later, using native UI or Xamarin Forms.
• Xamarin.Mac is not yet supported.

Due to the pace of Xamarin development, we base our supported versions on the Stable update channel at time of releasing Realm. If you are several minor versions of Xamarin behind, it is unlikely to be a problem, as Realm does not depend closely on Xamarin features. However, using Beta or Alpha channels of Xamarin may cause problems.

Important note for PCL users - this works via the NuGet Bait and Switch Trick. You have to install the Realm NuGet package into every PCL that uses Realm as well as each of your platform-specific projects, e.g.: your final app for iOS and Android. If you are using shared projects, you only have to install the NuGet into each platform-specific project.

Android ABI Support

Due to some instruction set limitations, we do not support the armeabi ABI setting.

The default templates that create new Xamarin projects currently have all ABI settings checked, for Debug builds, but only armeabi on Release. You must change this before doing your own Release builds.

If you do not have other ABIs checked, a System.TypeInitializationException may occur when a user runs on a different device. For example, deploying on a 64-bit device such as a Galaxy Tab S2 will cause that error if you have armeabi and armeabi-v7a but not arm64-v8a checked.

Unless you have a good reason to avoid linking other ABIs, the best thing to do is to check all of them other than armeabi, so you want checked:

• armeabi-v7a
• arm64-v8a
• x86
• x86_64

In Xamarin Studio, these settings are from right-clicking a project’s Options - Build - Android Build - Advanced Tab.

In Visual Studio, these settings are from right-clicking a project’s Properties - Android Options - Advanced Tab.

Installation

Note that to use the nightly feed, you need to specify an alternative NuGet source from https://www.myget.org/F/realm-nightly/ or, if you are using NuGet v3 with VS2015 or Xamarin Studio 6.1 onwards, https://www.myget.org/F/realm-nightly/api/v3/index.json

• Xamarin Studio on OS X
• Visual Studio on Windows

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Weavers>
    <RealmWeaver />
</Weavers>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<Weavers>
    <RealmWeaver />
</Weavers>

Realm Browser

We also provide a standalone Mac app named Realm Browser to read and edit .realm files.

You can generate a test database with sample data using the menu item Tools > Generate demo database.

If you need help finding your app’s Realm file, check this StackOverflow answer for detailed instructions.

The Realm Browser is available on the Mac App Store.

API Reference

You can consult our full API reference for all classes, methods & more.

Examples

You can find a number of examples in our repository in the examples folder.

Getting Help

• Need help with your code? Ask on StackOverflow. We actively monitor & answer questions on SO!
• Have a bug to report? Open an issue on our repo. If possible, include the version of Realm, as much logging output as possible, the Realm file, and a project that shows the issue.
• Have a feature request? Open an issue on our repo. Tell us what the feature should do, and why you want the feature.

Models

Realm data models are defined using traditional C# classes with properties. Simply subclass RealmObject to create your Realm data model objects.

Realm model objects mostly function like any other C# objects – you can add your own methods and events to them and use them like you would any other object. The main restrictions are that you can only use an object on the thread which it was created, and persisted properties have generated getters and setters.

Also, note that your class must have a public, parameterless constructor. If you don’t add any constructors, the compiler will add this for you. However, if you add at least one constructor to your class, make sure there is a public parameterless one as well.

Relationships and nested data structures are modeled simply by including properties of the target type or IList for typed lists of objects.

// Dog model
public class Dog : RealmObject 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
    public Person Owner { get; set; }
}

public class Person : RealmObject 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public IList<Dog> Dogs { get; } 
}

Supported Types

Realm supports primitive types except unsigned ones (bool, char, byte, short, int, long, float and double) as well as string, and DateTimeOffset. The nullable equivalents are supported as well, described further in Optional Properties.

Date Type

We use the standard DateTimeOffset type as our main type for representing dates, rather than DateTime.

This is based on the recommendation from Microsoft due to ambiguities in DateTime.

It is stored down to full precision of 100-nanosecond Ticks.

Whilst you can specify a DateTimeOffset using a timezone, we store the UTC value. This is an unambiguous representation which will mean the same instant if read with other languages. However, because we lose the timezone specifier, this may cause confusion if you compare values using Ticks instead of UtcTicks.

Relationships

RealmObjects can be linked to each other by using RealmObject and IList properties.

For lists, you declare classes with an IList property and an implementing object will be created when the getter is first used. You should only specify a get; automatic method as there is no way to set such a list.

To-One Relationships

For many-to-one or one-to-one relationships, simply declare a property with the type of your RealmObject subclass.

public class Dog : RealmObject 
{
    // ... other property declarations
    public Person Owner { get; set; };
}

public class Person : RealmObject 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

You can use this property like you would any other:

realm.Write(() => 
{
    var jim = realm.Add(new Person { Name = "Jim" });

    var rex = realm.Add(new Dog { Owner = jim });
});

To break the relationship, simply assign null:

rex.Owner = null;

When using RealmObject properties, you can access nested properties using normal property syntax. For example rex.Owner.Address.Country will traverse the object graph and automatically fetch each object from Realm as needed.

To-Many Relationships

You can define a to-many relationship using IList properties. When you use these properties, you get back a collection which may be empty or contains related RealmObjects of a single type.

To add a “Dogs” property on our Person model that links to multiple dogs, we simply declare it as an IList<Dog> property. You don’t have to initialize the IList – the Realm SDK takes care of that for you. Just add and delete Dog objects from the list to establish the relationship between a given Person and a Dog.

public class Dog : RealmObject
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
}

public class Person : RealmObject 
{
    // ... other property declarations
    public IList<Dog> Dogs { get; } 
}

jim.Dogs.Add(rex);
jim.Dogs.Count();  // => 1 -- nobody but rex

Inverse Relationships

Links are unidirectional. So if a to-many property Person.Dogs links to a Dog instance and a to-one property Dog.Owner links to Person, these links are independent from one another. Appending a Dog to a Person instance’s Dogs property doesn’t automatically set the dog’s Owner property to this Person. Because manually synchronizing pairs of relationships is error prone, complex and duplicates information, Realm provides backlink properties to represent these inverse relationships.

With backlink properties, you can obtain all objects that link to a given object from a specific property. For example, a Dog object can have a property named Owners that contains all of the Person objects that have this exact Dog object in their Dogs property. This is done by making the Owners property of type IQueryable<Person> and then applying the [Backlink] attribute to indicate the relationship that Owners has with the Person model objects.

public class Dog : RealmObject
{
    [Backlink(nameof(Person.Dogs))]
    public IQueryable<Person> Owners { get; }
}

A backlink property can point either to an IList<RealmObject> property (to-many relationship) or a RealmObject property (to-one relationship):

public class Ship : RealmObject
{
    public Captain Captain { get; set; }
}

public class Captain : RealmObject
{
    [Backlink(nameof(Ship.Captain))]
    public IQueryable<Ship> Ships { get; }
}

Optional Properties

Reference types such as string, byte[] and related RealmObject values can be null.

Nullable value types such as int? are fully supported.

We also support the optional DateTimeOffset? to complete the full range of having an optional version of each property type.

Controlling Property Persistence

Classes which descend from RealmObject are processed by the Fody weaver at compilation time. All their properties that have automatic setters and getters are presumed to be persistent and have setters and getters generated to map them to the internal Realm storage.

We also provide some C# attributes to add metadata to control persistence.

To avoid a property being made persistent, simply add the [Ignored] attribute. A common example is using external media, where you could persist the path to a file but not the binary image:

public string HeadshotPath { get; set; }

// Image in memory during run
[Ignored]
public Image Headshot { get; set; }

Custom Setters

Properties which have their own setter or getter implementation are automatically ignored. You can use this to add validation:

private string Email_ { get; set; }

// Validating version of persistent Email_ property
public string Email
{
    get { return Email_; }
    set
    {
        if (!value.Contains("@")) throw new Exception("Invalid email address");
        Email_ = value;
    }
}

Indexed Properties

Currently only strings, integers, booleans and DateTimeOffset can be indexed.

Indexing a property will greatly speed up queries where the property is compared for equality (i.e. the == and Contains operators), at the cost of slower insertions.

To index a property, simply add the [Indexed] attribute to the property declaration, e.g.:

public class Person : RealmObject 
{
    [Indexed]
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public IList<Dog> Dogs { get; } 
}

Auto-Updating Objects

As soon as an instance of a RealmObject is managed, it becomes a live, auto-updating views into the underlying data, which means objects never have to be refreshed. Modifying the properties of an object will immediately reflect in any other instances referring to the same object.

var myDog = new Dog { Name = "Fido", Age = 1 };
realm.Write(() => 
{
    realm.Add(myDog);
});

var myPuppy = realm.All<Dog>().First(d => d.Age == 1);
realm.Write(() => 
{
    myPuppy.Age = 2;
}

myDog.Age; // => 2

This aspect of RealmObject not only keeps Realm fast and efficient, it allows your code to be simpler and more reactive. For example, if your UI code is dependent on a specific Realm object, you don’t need to worry about refreshing or re-fetching it before triggering a UI redraw.

You can subscribe to Realm notifications to know when Realm data in an object is updated, indicating when your app’s UI should be refreshed.

PrimaryKey Properties

The [PrimaryKey] attribute can be specified on one property in a RealmObject class. Declaring a PrimaryKey allows objects to be looked up and updated efficiently and enforces uniqueness for each value.

Only chars, integral types, and strings can be used as PrimaryKeys. There is no particular storage or performance advantage to using char or smaller integer types. They are supported only in case you already have a property of that type.

Putting the [PrimaryKey] attribute on multiple properties will compile but is validated at runtime and will throw an exception reporting that Schema validation failed, as soon as you try to open that Realm.

Once an object with a PrimaryKey is added to a Realm, the PrimaryKey cannot be changed.

Trying to create another object with the same key will throw a RealmDuplicatePrimaryKeyValueException.

You can retrieve an object by PrimaryKey very quickly using Realm.Find which performs more streamlined query construction than using LINQ, as well as using an index. It is overloaded to take string, character or integer keys, eg:

public class Person : RealmObject 
{
    [PrimaryKey]
    public string SSN { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public IList<Dog> Dogs { get; } 
}

var objByPK = realm.Find<Person>("457-55-5462");

Ignored Properties

if you define a non-automatic getter or setter on a property in a RealmObject class, it will not be persisted. If you want to explicitly ignore a property, you can apply the [Ignored] attribute which will make sure that property is ignored.

Model Inheritance

Realm Xamarin does not allow models to be further subclassed in any way. The weaver will fail if it detects a class that inherits indirectly from the RealmObject class.

Collections

Realm uses standard types to represent groups of objects:

1. IQueryable<T>, a class representing objects retrieved from queries.
2. IList<T>, a class representing to-many relationships in models.

At runtime, both conform to the [IRealmCollection interface](api/reference/Realms.IRealmCollection-1.html) which in turn conforms to `IReadOnlyList` and `INotifyCollectionChanged` and supports lazy enumeration - the size of the collection is known but objects are only loaded into memory as you iterate the collection.

Writes

To share objects between threads or re-use them between app launches, you must persist them to a Realm, an operation which must be done within a write transaction.

Since write transactions incur non-negligible overhead, you should architect your code to minimize the number of write transactions, i.e. if inserting multiple items in a loop, prefer to do it in a single transaction, rather than creating a transaction for each item, e.g.: csharp realm.Write(() => { var people = Realm.All<Person>(); foreach (var person in people) { person.Age += 1; } });

Because write transactions could potentially fail like any other disk IO operations, you should be prepared to handle exceptions from writes so you can handle and recover from failures like running out of disk space. There are no other recoverable errors. For brevity, our code samples don’t handle these errors but you certainly should in your production applications.

There are two easy ways to create write transactions: Realm.BeginWrite() and Realm.Write(). The first one, Realm.BeginWrite() returns a Transaction which implements the Dispose pattern, allowing you to use it with using:

using(var transaction = realm.BeginWrite()) 
{
    person.FirstName = "John";
    person.Age = 56;
    transaction.Commit();
}

Note that you must explicitly Commit the transaction, or it will automatically be rolled back. The other way is to wrap your mutating code with Realm.Write():

realm.Write(() => 
{
    person.FirstName = "John";
    person.Age = 56;
});

Here, the implicit transaction will be committed by default unless an exception was thrown.

Creating Objects

When you have defined a model you can instantiate your RealmObject subclass and add the new instance to the Realm. Consider this simple model:

public class Dog : RealmObject 
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
}

You can turn an instance of this class into a persisted, live object using the Realm.Add() method:

realm.Write(() =>
{
    var myDog = new Dog();
    myDog.Name = "Rex";
    myDog.Age = 10;
    realm.Add(myDog);
});

After you have created the object, all changes you make to it will be persisted (and must be made within a write transaction). Any changes are made available to other threads that use the same Realm when the write transaction is committed.

Please note that writes block each other, and will block the thread they are made on if multiple writes are in progress. This is similar to other persistence solutions and we recommend that you use the usual best-practices for this situation, namely offloading your writes to a separate thread.

Due to Realm’s MVCC architecture, reads are not blocked while a write transaction is open. Unless you need to make simultaneous writes from many threads at once, you should favor larger write transactions that do more work over many fine-grained write transactions.

Updating Objects

You can update any object by setting its properties within a write transaction.

// Update an object with a transaction
using (var trans = realm.BeginWrite()) 
{
    author.Name = "Thomas Pynchon";
    trans.Commit();
}

For objects where you have specified a [PrimaryKey], you can pass in update: true in realm.Add to add the passed in object or update the existing one:

public class Person : RealmObject
{
    [PrimaryKey]
    public int Id { get; set; }
    
    // ... other property declarations
}

realm.Write(() =>
{
    realm.Add(new Person
    {
        Id = 1,
        Name = "Kristian"
    });
});

var kristianWithC = new Person
{
    Id = 1,
    Name = "Christian"
};

realm.Write(() => realm.Add(kristianWithC, update: true));

If you specify update: true and pass in a class that does not have a PrimaryKey, the method will not be able to find object to update, so it will behave as if update: false was passed. If your object has relationships with other RealmObjects, they will be added or updated when they have PrimaryKey specified, or simply added, when they don’t:

var kristian = new Person { Id = 1, Name = "Kristian" };
var rex = new Dog { Id = 1, Name = "Rex" };
kristian.Dogs.Add(rex);

realm.Write(() => realm.Add(kristian));

var christian = new Person { Id = 1, Name = "Christian" };
christian.Dogs.Add(new Dog { Id = 1, Name = "Bethoven" });

realm.Write(() => realm.Add(christian, update: true));

var newName = kristian.Name; // Christian
var newDogName = kristian.Dogs.First().Name; // Bethoven

Deleting Objects

Pass the object to be deleted to the Realm.Remove method within a write transaction.

var cheeseBook = realm.All<Book>().First(b => b.Name == "Cheese");

// Delete an object with a transaction
using (var trans = realm.BeginWrite()) 
{
    realm.Remove(cheeseBook);
    trans.Commit();
}

You can also delete all objects stored in a Realm. Note the Realm file will maintain its size on disk to efficiently reuse that space for future objects.

Queries

Queries implement standard LINQ syntax.

You get a basic, typed collection of all objects of a given type using the [realm.All](api/reference/Realms.Realm.html#Realms_Realm_All__1) method and then apply `Where` or other LINQ operators to get a filtered collection.

See the exact scope of LINQ implemented on our LINQ Support page.

Fluent or Extension Syntax

var oldDogs = realm.All<Dog>().Where(d => d.Age > 8);

Query Expression Syntax

var oldDogs = from d in realm.All<Dog>() where  d.Age > 8 select d;

Regardless of which syntax you use, the resulting collection conforms to the IQueryable interface so you can further iterate or process it:

foreach (var d in oldDogs) 
{
    Debug.WriteLine(d.Name);
}

More Query Examples

If you’re not used to LINQ queries, here are some examples of basic queries to get you used to the syntax. Sticking with the Extension Syntax, you can see how to write your basic queries.

To extract a list of all users named John or Peter you would write:

var johnsAndPeters = realm.All<Person>().Where(p => 
    p.FirstName == "John" || 
    p.FirstName == "Peter");
var peopleList = johnsAndPeters.ToList();

The first statement gives you a new instance johnsAndPeters of a class that implements IQueryable and can be used to find the users with the name “John” or “Peter”. This is standard LINQ implementation - you get an object representing the query. The query doesn’t do anything until you make a further call that needs to iterate or count the results.

The ToList call, in this example, fires off the query which maps straight to the Realm core.

Objects are not copied - you get a list of references to the matching objects, and you work directly with the original objects that match your query.

Instead of retrieving them all into a list, you could also iterate through the query results, with the standard C# foreach statement:

foreach (var person in johnsAndPeters) // iterate query 
{
    Debug.WriteLine(person.Name);
}

Logical Operators

The standard C# logical operators are used in LINQ expressions to compose the query.

That includes the ability to use parentheses to group nested expressions, with the precedence as you’d expect in an if statement:

var complexPeople = realm.All<Person>().Where(p => 
    p.LastName == "Doe" &&
    (p.FirstName == "Fred" || p.Score > 35));

Retrieving objects by type

To get all objects of a given type from a Realm, just use [realm.All()](api/reference/Realms.Realm.html#Realms_Realm_All__1). It returns an `IQueryable` collection of all instances of the model class being queried - `Person` in the example above.

You can then choose to apply a LINQ query further to restrict the set. Remember, until you start iterating the collection, there’s no overhead.

var ap = realm.All<Person>();  // this is all items of a type
var scorers = ap.Where(p => p.Score > 35);  // restrict with first search clause
var scorerDoe = scorers.Where(p => p.LastName == "Doe");  // effectively an AND clause

Sorting

The standard LINQ clauses OrderBy, OrderByDescending, ThenBy, and ThenByDescending can be used to specify a multi-level sort that affects the order of objects supplied by the Queryable returned from Realm.All or subsequent LINQ clauses.

They work via the internal query engine to provide efficient sorted access without loading all objects in the results.

Warning: If you use the ToList clause to extract a list of objects and then use an OrderBy you are sorting in-memory using LINQ for Objects. Make sure you only use ToList at the end of your expression.

var highestScore = realm.All<Person>().OrderByDescending(p => p.Score).First();

var sortedPeople = realm.All<Person>()
    .OrderBy(p => p.LastName)
    .ThenBy(p => p.FirstName);

Chaining Queries

Since results are never copied, but are computed on request, you can very efficiently chain queries to gradually filter your data:

var teenagers = realm.All<Person>().Where(p => p.Age >= 13 && p.Age <= 20);
var firstJohn = teenagers.Where(p => p.FirstName == "John").First();

Limiting Results

Most other database technologies provide the ability to paginate results from queries (such as the LIMIT keyword in SQLite). This is often done out of necessity to avoid reading too much from disk, or pulling too many results into memory at once.

Since queries in Realm are lazy, performing this sort of paginating behavior isn’t necessary at all, as Realm will only load objects from the results of the query once they are explicitly accessed.

If for UI-related or other implementation reasons you require a specific subset of objects from a query, it’s as simple as taking the IQueryable object, and reading out only the objects you need.

While you may be tempted to use the LINQ Take, that is not yet supported. When added, it will enumerate and instantiate all the objects you request in one operation.

Realms

Realms are our equivalent of a database: they contain different kinds of objects, and map to one file on disk.

The Default Realm

You may have noticed so far that we have always initialized our realm variable by calling Realm.GetInstance(string optionalPath) without specifying optionalPath. This static method will return a Realm instance for your thread, that maps to a file called default.realm located in Environment.SpecialFolder.Personal.

Configuring a Realm

Calling Realm.GetInstance() makes it easy to get started with Realm. For more fine-grained control, it is possible to create a RealmConfiguration object that controls more aspects of how a Realm is created.

A RealmConfiguration allows you to control the database path in several ways. (Note that you can’t change the path once the configuration has been constructed.) You can:

1. Change the entire path by passing in a new absolute path.
2. Put your Realm files in a subdirectory of the standard location by passing in a relative path.
3. Change the Realm filename by just passing in a new filename.

In the configuration you can also specify the schema version. For details about this, see the Migrations section. While developing, you can also set the property ShouldDeleteIfMigrationNeeded to true. This will cause Realm.GetInstance() to delete the existing databse in case your schema mismatches that in the file being opened. This makes it easier to play around with models before releasing. However, do not release an app with this flag. You might want to set it within an #if DEBUG section to avoid accidents.

You can pass around an instance of a configuration, to open all your Realms with the same settings. This is the most common use for opening the same Realm in different threads.

You can also override the default configuration to change the defaults without having to pass around an object.

It is important to note that Realm instances are per-configuration, per-thread singletons. This means that Realm.GetInstance() will return the same instance every time it’s called on the same thread for the same configuration.

Closing Realm Instances

The Realm class implements IDisposable in order to take care of native memory deallocation and file descriptors so instances will be closed automatically when variables go out of scope.

Finding a Realm File

If you need help finding your app’s Realm file, check this StackOverflow answer for detailed instructions.

Auxiliary Realm Files

Alongside the standard .realm files, Realm also generates and maintains additional files for its own internal operations.

• .realm.lock - A lock file for resource locks.
• .realm.note - A named pipe for notifications.

These files don’t have any effect on .realm database files, and won’t cause any erroneous behavior if their parent database file is deleted or replaced.

When reporting Realm issues, please be sure to include these auxiliary files along with your main .realm file as they contain useful information for debugging purposes.

Bundling Realm Files

If you want to bundle a Realm with your app, see this StackOverflow answer which explains how to include files in Xamarin projects as resources and copy them for use.

Class Subsets

In some scenarios you may wish to limit which classes can be stored in a specific Realm.

You can do this by setting the ObjectClasses property of your RealmConfiguration:

class LoneClass : RealmObject
{
    public string Name { get; set;}
}

var config = new RealmConfiguration("RealmWithOneClass.realm");
config.ObjectClasses = new[] { typeof(LoneClass) };

// or specifying two classes in the Realm
config.ObjectClasses = new[] { typeof(Dog), typeof(Cat) };

Deleting Realm Files

In some cases, such as clearing caches, or resetting your entire dataset, it may be appropriate to completely delete a Realm file from disk.

Unlike most files, Realm files are memory-mapped and Realm instances expect the files to be available for the duration of the instance’s lifetime.

To avoid your application code having to be aware of all files in a Realm, we provide a convenience method Realm.DeleteRealm(RealmConfiguration).

var config = new RealmConfiguration("FileWeThrowAway.realm");
Realm.DeleteRealm(config); 
var freshRealm = Realm.GetInstance(config);

Compacting the Realm

Over the course of using your application, the memory used by Realm might become fragmented and take up more space than necessary. To rearrange the internal storage and potentially reduce the filesize, you can call Realm.Compact(config):

var config = new RealmConfiguration();
var initialSize = new FileInfo(config).Length;
if (initialSize > 100 * 1024 * 1024) // 100 MB
{
    Realm.Compact(config);
    var newSize = new FileInfo(config).Length; // Should be less than initialSize
}

Notes on compacting

• There should not be any open realm instances that use the file.
• The file system should have free space for at least a copy of the Realm file.
• If any operation fails, the Realm file is left untouched.
• The method will return true if the operation is successful and false if there are open Realm instances accessing the same file.
• At the moment, we don’t provide API for estimating the potential size gain by compacting a Realm. The recommended approach is to monitor your database’s size between launches and compact it if it crosses some threshold.

Threading

Within individual threads, you can just treat everything as regular objects without worrying about concurrency or multithreading. There is no need for any locks or resource coordination to access them (even if they are simultaneously being modified on other threads) and it is only modifying operations that have to be wrapped in transactions.

Realm makes concurrent usage easy by ensuring that each thread always has a consistent view of the Realm. You can have any number of threads working on the same Realms in parallel, and since they all have their own snapshots, they will never cause each other to see inconsistent state.

The only thing you have to be aware of is that you cannot have multiple threads sharing the same instances of Realm objects. If multiple threads need to access the same objects, they will each need to get their own instances (otherwise changes happening on one thread could cause other threads to see incomplete or inconsistent data).

Seeing Changes From Other Threads

On the main UI thread (or any thread with a runloop/looper), objects will automatically update with changes from other threads between each iteration of the runloop. At any other time you will be working on the snapshot, so individual methods always see a consistent view and never have to worry about what happens on other threads.

When you initially open a Realm on a thread, its state will be based off the most recent successful write commit, and it will remain on that version until refreshed. Realms are automatically refreshed at the start of every runloop iteration. If a thread has no runloop (which is generally the case in a background thread), then Realm.Refresh() must be called manually in order to advance the transaction to the most recent state.

Realms are also refreshed when write transactions are committed with Transaction.Commit().

Failing to refresh Realms on a regular basis could lead to some transaction versions becoming “pinned”, preventing Realm from reusing the disk space used by that version, leading to larger file sizes. Refer to our Current Limitations for more details on this effect.

Passing Instances Across Threads

Persisted instances of Realm, RealmObject, IQueryable returned from Realm.All, or IList properties of RealmObjects can only be used on the thread on which they were created, otherwise an exception is thrown. This is one way Realm enforces transaction version isolation. Otherwise, it would be impossible to determine what should be done when an object is passed between threads at different transaction versions, with a potentially extensive relationship graph.

Instead, there are several ways to represent instances in ways that can be safely passed between threads. For example, an object with a PrimaryKey can be represented by its PrimaryKey’s value; or a Realm can be represented by its RealmConfiguration. The target thread can then re-fetch the Realm or RealmObject using its thread-safe representation. Keep in mind that re-fetching will retrieve an instance at the version of the target thread, which may differ from the originating thread.

Using a Realm Across Threads

To access the same Realm file from different threads, you must initialize a new Realm to get a different instance for every thread of your app. As long as you specify the same configuration, all Realm instances will map to the same file on disk.

Sharing Realm instances across threads is not supported. Realm instances accessing the same realm file must also all use the same RealmConfiguration.

Realm can be very efficient when writing large amounts of data by batching together multiple writes within a single transaction. Realm objects are not thread-safe and cannot be shared across threads, so you must get a Realm instance in each thread/dispatch_queue in which you want to read or write.

Notifications

Realm Notifications

If you have a background thread adding data to a Realm, your UI or other threads can get notified of changes in a Realm by adding a listener, which is executed when the Realm is changed (also by another thread or process):

realm.RealmChanged += (s, e) => 
{
    // Update UI
}

Keep in mind that the current implementation of RealmChanged does not provide detailed information for the changes, so if you need that, check the Object Notifications or Collection Notifications sections.

Object Notifications

RealmObject implements INotifyPropertyChanged so if you want to listen for changes, you can subscribe to the PropertyChangedEvent event.

public class Account : RealmObject
{
    public long Balance { get; set; }
}

If you subscribe to the PropertyChangedEvent event on your class, your handler will be triggered when the Balance property is changed.

var account = new Account();
realm.Write(() => realm.Add(account));
account.PropertyChanged += (sender, e) =>
{
    Debug.WriteLine($"New value set for {e.PropertyName}");
}

realm.Write(() => account.Balance = 10); // => "New value set for Balance"

Note that it doesn’t matter whether you subscribe before or after adding the object to the Realm. The event will be raised as expected in either case.

This is handy in and of itself, but furthermore, it enables databinding with Xamarin.Forms. For more info, see From Data Bindings to MVVM in the Xamarin Docs.

Collection Notifications

IQueryable objects returned from [Realm.All()](api/reference/Realms.Realm.html#Realms_Realm_All__1) or subsequent LINQ clauses are live queries, meaning that they are always kept up to date. Any time you iterate over the collection, you will get a result that is up to date with the latest changes. Similarly `IList` properties on [RealmObject](api/reference/Realms.RealmObject.html)s represent live to-many relationships, meaning that each time you iterate over them, you will get the most up-to-date collection of related objects.

The runtime objects backing both of these collections also implement [IRealmCollection](api/reference/Realms.IRealmCollection-1.html) which means that it exposes two mechanisms for subscribing for change notifications. We've provided a convenience extension method: [AsRealmCollection](api/reference/Realms.CollectionNotificationsExtensions.html#Realms_CollectionNotificationsExtensions_AsRealmCollection__1_System_Collections_Generic_IList___0__) that will cast an `IList` or `IQueryable` to `IRealmCollection`.

If you prefer to use the standard .NET INotifyCollectionChanged interface that works nicely with MVVM and data-binding, you can pass the [IRealmCollection](api/reference/Realms.IRealmCollection-1.html) directly to your views.

Alternatively, if you wish more detailed change information, that is useful for manipulating a UITableView or ListView directly (e.g. in a Xamarin Native UI project), you can use the SubscribeForNotifications extension method. You give this method a delegate that will be called with a change set, telling you what has been added, removed or modified.

realm.All<Person>().SubscribeForNotifications ((sender, changes, error) => 
{
    // Access changes.InsertedIndices, changes.DeletedIndices, and changes.ModifiedIndices
});

Migrations

When working with any database, it is likely your data model will change over time. Since data models in Realm are defined as standard C# classes, making model changes is as easy as changing any other class. For example, suppose we have the following Person model:

public class Person : RealmObject
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
}

We want to update the data model to require a FullName property, rather than separate first and last names. To do this, we simply change the object interface to the following:

public class Person : RealmObject
{
    public string FullName { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
}

At this point if you had saved any data with the previous model version, there will be a mismatch between what Realm sees defined in code and the data Realm sees on disk. When this occurs, an exception will be thrown when you try to open the existing file unless you run a migration.

Performing a Migration

The minimal solution you can perform is to bump the schema version. When unspecified, realms will have a schema version set to 0. As soon as you make a schema change, you must increase the schema version in your configuration. This way, we avoid accidental schema changes that potentially destroy data.

var config = new RealmConfiguration() { SchemaVersion = 1 };

var realm = Realm.GetInstance(config);

Now, if you do nothing more than this and run it with a database file that was created with the old schema, all the FirstName and LastName entries will be deleted, and every Person will have an empty FullName property. The Age property will remain as it exists in both versions, as the same type. But still, probably not what we wanted here. So what we must do is tell Realm how to handle the migration. We do this by specifying a MigrationCallback function. This function will receive a Migration object, which will contain two Realm properties: OldRealm and NewRealm. You can now copy and adapt data from the old schema to the new.

Note that if you simply rename a class or a property, Realm will not be able to detect that and you will have to copy data in the migration as well.

This callback function will be called exactly once when a realm with a lower version is opened. You should migrate all updated classes during that call.

As our Person model no longer contains the FirstName and LastName properties, we cannot access those through the typed api. However, we can utilize the dynamic api and achieve the same thing.

var config = new RealmConfiguration
{
    SchemaVersion = 1,
    MigrationCallback = (migration, oldSchemaVersion) =>
    {
        var newPeople = migration.NewRealm.All<Person>(); 

        // Use the dynamic api for oldPeople so we can access
        // .FirstName and .LastName even though they no longer
        // exist in the class definition.
        var oldPeople = migration.OldRealm.All("Person");

        for (var i = 0; i < newPeople.Count(); i++)
        {
            var oldPerson = oldPeople.ElementAt(i);
            var newPerson = newPeople.ElementAt(i);

            newPerson.FullName = oldPerson.FirstName + " " + oldPerson.LastName;
        }
    }
};

var realm = Realm.GetInstance(config);

As your app grows older and you have multiple changes to the model in different versions, you make a sequence of migrations by inspecting the oldSchemaVersion parameter to your callback. Let’s say you change the Person model further by changing the Age field to a Birthday field:

public class Person : RealmObject
{
    public string FullName { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
    public DateTimeOFfset Birthday { get; set; }
}

This is then version 2 of the schema, and your migration setup could now look something like the following:

var config = new RealmConfiguration
{
    SchemaVersion = 2,
    MigrationCallback = (migration, oldSchemaVersion) =>
    {
        var newPeople = migration.NewRealm.All<Person>(); 
        var oldPeople = migration.OldRealm.All("Person");

        for (var i = 0; i < newPeople.Count(); i++)
        {
            var oldPerson = oldPeople.ElementAt(i);
            var newPerson = newPeople.ElementAt(i);

            // Migrate Person from version 0 to 1: replace FirstName and LastName with FullName
            if (oldSchemaVersion < 1)
            {
                newPerson.FullName = oldPerson.FirstName + " " + oldPerson.LastName;
            }

            // Migrate Person from version 1 to 2: replace Age with Birthday
            if (oldSchemaVersion < 2)
            {
                newPerson.Birthday = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddYears(-(int)oldPerson.Age);
            }
        }
    }
};

var realm = Realm.GetInstance(config);

Encryption

Realm supports encrypting the database file on disk with AES-256+SHA2 by supplying a 64-byte encryption key when creating a Realm.

var config = new RealmConfiguration("Mine.realm");
config.EncryptionKey = new byte[64] // key MUST be exactly this size
{
  0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08,
  0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18,
  0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27, 0x28,
  0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38,
  0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47, 0x48,
  0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57, 0x58,
  0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67, 0x68,
  0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77, 0x78
};

var realm = Realm.GetInstance(config);  // will create/open encrypted realm "Mine.realm"

This makes it so that all of the data stored on disk is transparently encrypted and decrypted with AES-256 as needed, and verified with a SHA-2 HMAC. The same encryption key must be supplied every time you obtain a Realm instance.

You should use a key that is unique to your app, not the one in the example above. Furthermore, if you need unique keys for each user, look into the Xamarin.Auth API.

Note that if you specify the wrong key or fail to specify a key for an encrypted Realm, you get a RealmFileAccessErrorException when you call GetInstance.

There is a small performance hit (typically less than 10% slower) when using encrypted Realms.

Current Limitations

Realm is currently in beta and we are continuously adding features and fixing issues while working towards a 1.0 release. Until then, we’ve compiled a list of our most commonly hit limitations.

Please refer to our GitHub issues for a more comprehensive list of known issues.

Features missing from this beta version which are expected to be added prior to 1.0 release:

• Async queries
• Cascading deletes (but see a workaround in this StackOverflow answer)
• More LINQ operations - see details on the LINQ Support page
• Searching by related data

General Limits

Realm aims to strike a balance between flexibility and performance. In order to accomplish this goal, realistic limits are imposed on various aspects of storing information in a realm. For example:

1. Class names must be between 0 and 57 bytes in length. UTF-8 characters are supported. An exception will be thrown at your app’s initialization if this limit is exceeded.
2. Property names must be between 0 and 63 bytes in length. UTF-8 characters are supported. An exception will be thrown at your app’s initialization if this limit is exceeded.
3. iOS Limitation: The total size of all open Realm files cannot be larger than the amount of memory your application would be allowed to map in iOS — this changes per device, and depends on how fragmented the memory space is at that point in time (there is a radar open about this issue: rdar://17119975). If you need to store more data, you can split into multiple Realm files, and open and close them as needed.

File size & tracking of intermediate versions

You should expect a Realm database to take less space on disk than an equivalent SQLite database. If your Realm file is much larger than you expect, it may be because you have a RealmObject that is referring to an older version of the data in the database.

In order to give you a consistent view of your data, Realm only updates the active version accessed at the start of a run loop iteration. This means that if you read some data from the Realm and then block the thread on a long-running operation while writing to the Realm on other threads, the version is never updated and Realm has to hold on to intermediate versions of the data which you may not actually need, resulting in the file size growing with each write. The extra space will eventually be reused by future writes.

If you prefer to reclaim the space deterministically, refer to Compacting the Realm.

FAQ

General

Should I use Realm in production applications?

Realm has been used in production in commercial products since 2012. The Xamarin C# product has been in beta since December 2015, but uses the same C++ core as all other Realm products.

You should expect our C# APIs to change as we evolve the product from community feedback — and you should expect more features & bugfixes to come along as well.

Is Realm open source?

Yes! Realm’s internal C++ storage engine and the language SDKs over it are entirely open source and licensed under Apache 2.0. Realm also optionally includes a closed-source Realm Platform Extensions component, but that is not required to use Realm as an embedded database.

I see a network call to Mixpanel when I build my app, what is that?

Realm collects anonymous analytics when you run the Realm assembly weaver on your assemblies containing RealmObject classes. This is completely anonymous and helps us improve the product by flagging which version of Realm you use and what OS you use, and what we can deprecate support for. This call does not run when your app is in production, or running on your user’s devices — only when your assemblies are woven by Fody during build. You can see exactly how & what we collect, as well as the rationale for it in our source code.

Does Realm work as a Portable (PCL) Library?

You need to use the iOS or Android version of Realm with your executable but we offer a PCL that you can use to compile against the Realm API with. This is the NuGet Bait and Switch Trick in action. If you add Realm to a PCL project via NuGet, and also add it to your executable, it will work.

Note that this PCL does not mean you can just use Realm on an arbitrary .NET platform. Realm relies on a native C++ core which has to be ported to each platform.

Sync

The Realm Mobile Platform extends the Realm Mobile Database across the network, enabling automatic synchronization of data across devices and the server.

Support for Xamarin is coming soon! In the mean time, click here to learn more about the features and benefits.

Troubleshooting

Crash Reporting

We encourage you to use a crash reporter in your application. Many Realm operations could potentially fail at runtime (like any other disk IO), so collecting crash reports from your application will help identify areas where either you (or us) can improve error handling and fix crashing bugs.

Most commercial crash reporters have the option of collecting logs. We strongly encourage you to enable this feature. Realm logs metadata information (but no user data) when throwing exceptions and in irrecoverable situations, and these messages can help debug when things go wrong.

Reporting Realm Issues

If you’ve found an issue with Realm, please either file an issue on GitHub or email us at help@realm.io with as much information as possible for us to understand and reproduce your issue.

The following information is very useful to us:

1. Goals.
2. Expected results.
3. Actual results.
4. Steps to reproduce.
5. Code sample that highlights the issue (full Xamarin projects that we can compile ourselves are ideal).
6. Version of Realm, OS X or Windows & Xamarin/Visual Studio.
7. Xcode if targeting iOS, NDK if targeting Android.
8. Platform, OS version & architecture on which the bug happens (e.g., 64-bit iOS 8.1).
9. Crash logs & stack traces. See Crash Reporting above for details.

Getting an No properties in class exception

You may see a System.InvalidOperationException with the message “No properties in class, has linker stripped it?”.

There are two known causes:

1. You either have no woven RealmObjects, probably because something went wrong with Fody, or
2. Your RealmObjects had their properties stripped so appear to Realm to be empty.

In the first case, the exception will be thrown by RealmSchema. See Failing to Weave for more details.

In the second case, the exception will be thrown from ObjectSchema. We have had some users run into problems when they have the Linker Behaviour set to Link All and they lack the [Preserve(AllMembers = true)] attribute on the class declaration. The linker will only preserve members which are referenced explicitly in the code. This means that if you have a property that would be persisted but is not referenced anywhere, it might be removed causing the schema to mismatch that of the database.

By default, Realm builds the schema to describe all of your RealmObject subclasses in all your assemblies. This happens lazily and so is not triggered until your first call to GetInstance(). It will only do this a maximum of once per run, caching the result in memory.

For a given assembly, if you only wish to store some of your classes, you can specify a subset with ObjectClasses and use that configuration in GetInstance(myConf). That avoids the schema building for all and so will also avoid exceptions.

Otherwise, if you have unused classes, add the Preserve attribute.

Fody: Am unhandled exception occurred

This common build failure can easily be triggered when you have already built a project and just add a new RealmObject subclass.

Choosing Build or Run will not rebuild the project sufficiently to invoke the Fody Weaver.

Simply choose Rebuild on your project and it should build without error.

Failing to Weave

You may see a warning in the build log about classes not having been woven. This indicates that the Fody weaving package is not properly installed.

Firstly, check that the FodyWeavers.xml file contains an entry for RealmWeaver.

The installation will copy RealmWeaver.Fody.dll up into a Tools directly in your solution directory (this is usually a sibling to your project directories). It is not linked into any of the projects but needs to be in that location for Fody to find the DLL.

It is also possible that the installation of Fody has failed. This has been experienced with Visual Studio 2015 and versions of NuGet Package Manager prior to version 3.2. To diagnose this, use a text editor to check that your .csproj has a line importing Fody.targets, such as:

<Import Project="..\packages\Fody.1.29.3\build\portable-net+sl+win+wpa+wp\Fody.targets"
    Condition="Exists('..\packages\Fody.1.29.3\build\portable-net+sl+win+wpa+wp\Fody.targets')" />

Simply upgrading to a later version of NuGet Package Manager should fix this problem.

If this doesn’t work, there seems to be a problem with Fody and Microsoft.Bcl.Build.targets. Removing the following line from your .csproj file might help:

<Import Project="..\..\packages\Microsoft.Bcl.Build.1.0.21\build\Microsoft.Bcl.Build.targets" Condition="Exists('..\..\packages\Microsoft.Bcl.Build.1.0.21\build\Microsoft.Bcl.Build.targets')" />

For more details about this, see this StackOverflow answer.

Realm Core Binary Fails to Download

When building Realm, part of the process includes downloading the core library as a static binary and integrating it into the Realm project. This is part of the wrappers building by Makefile.

It’s been reported that in certain instances, the core binary fails to download with the following error:

Downloading core failed. Please try again once you have an Internet connection.

This error can occur due to any of the following reasons:

1. Your IP address range is from a region that is on the list of United States embargoes. In order to comply with U.S. law, Realm has not been made available in that region. For more information, please see our license.
2. You are located in mainland China, and due to the country-wide firewall you are not able to properly access CloudFlare or Amazon AWS S3 services at the moment. Please see this issue on one of our other products for more information.
3. Amazon AWS S3 could be experiencing service issues. Please check the AWS Service Health Dashboard and try again later.